Three kinds of molybdenum alloy are doped with 2.0 wt.% different ultrafine oxide particles (Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ and La₂O₃) via hydrothermal synthesis, co-precipitation, co-decomposition, powder metallurgy, and rotary swaging. Three nano-oxides refine molybdenum grains by more than 70% and change the fracture modes from brittle fracture to ductile fracture, thereby dramatically improving the integrated mechanical properties of the alloys. Moreover, the trade-off between strength and ductility is offset. Mo-ZrO₂ alloy has the highest strength and plasticity, which is attributed to fine ZrO₂ particles and a semi-coherent interface between ZrO₂ and molybdenum matrix. Moreover, a quantitative strengthening model correlating dislocation density, oxide volume fraction and size, and molybdenum grain size is established.