The insufficient damping capabilities of aluminum alloy under low temperatures (<120 °C) were addressed by developing high-damping laminated composites of NiTip/5052Al. This is achieved through the incorporation of varied pre-aging states of NiTi particles into the 5052Al matrix using a rolling composite technique. The aim is to enhance the application scope of aluminum alloy for vibration and noise reduction. The results demonstrated a distinct and integrated interface between the particle layer and the 5052Al alloy, with numerous interparticle interfaces within the particle layer. Increasing the aging temperature of the NiTi particles from 450 to 550 °C shifted the phase transition peaks of the composites to lower temperatures. The damping capacity of the laminated NiTip/5052Al composites notably surpasses that of the 5052Al alloy. At 28 and 66 °C, the phase transformation damping peaks of the pre-aged NiTi particle layer reinforced 5052Al matrix composites are 1.93 and 2 times those of the 5052Al alloy at the corresponding temperatures, respectively. The collaborative impact of interparticle interface damping mechanism and the phase transformation damping mechanism of NiTi-reinforced particles significantly amplify the low-temperature damping performance of the laminated NiTip/5052Al composites.