A novel aerosol method for the production of alighed carbon nanotubes was presented. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with fairly uniform diameters and aligned MWNT bundles were obtained by using solutions of organometallics such as ferrocene in hydrocarbon solvents. A hollow and multi-walled structure was observed with diameter ranging from 15 to 50 nm, leading aspect ratio to be over 200. The quality of the product is dependent on the pyrolysis temperature, carrier gas flow rate and the catalyst precursor concentration. For the sample synthesized at 900 ℃, G/D is 1.81. G/D of samples obtained at 850 ℃ and 800 ℃ are 1.18 and 0.77, respectively. The inclusion of acetylene to an atomized spray of ferrocene in hexane yield aligned MWNT bundles with a narrow diameter distribution.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/epoxide resin composites were prepared, the mechanical and electrical properties of the composites were investigated. The effects of concentration and dispersion state of CNTs on the tensile strength, tensile modulus and electrical resistance of the composites were studied. The results indicate that the CNTs can be dispersed well in the epoxide resin matrix by ultrasonic method, and the mechanical and electrical properties of epoxide resin matrix can be improved significantly. The tensile tests show that the tensile strength and tensile modulus are higher than those of epoxide resin if the content of CNTs is less than 1.75% (mass fraction). When the content of CNTs is 0.75%, the conditional best results are obtained, the tensile strength of the composite is the highest, increased by 18.3% and the tensile modulus is increased by 20.5% compared with the matrix. With the increase of CNTs, the electrical resistance of the composites decreases greatly, while the conductivity of the composite increases. The percolation threshold values of electrical characteristic transformation for this composite material were determined for the first time.

The sol-gel method was used to prepare three kinds of nanometer magnetic particles, such as the nano-cobalt ferrite oxide powders and those doped by LaCl₃∙nH₂O. In the thermo-decomposition process of the precursors to get these magnetic particles, TG/DTG was applied to investigate their character. The prepared magnetic particles with average diameter less than 100 nm were characterized by XRD and TEM. The results show the difference between the activation energies of these particles in different thermo-decomposition stages, even not in the same stage for different samples. The cobalt ferrite doped with La³⁺ affects its saturation magnetization(m_s) and coercive force(H_c). As CoCl₂∙6H₂O is partly substituted by La³⁺, the value of H_c decrease with the increase of m_s. When FeCl₂∙4H₂O is partly substituted by La³⁺, H_c increases obviously. The three kinds of nanometer magnetic particles were doped into polyethylene glycol-20000 (peg-20000) with different ratios respectively to obtain compound substance with optimal conductivity of 0.686 S/m.

Nanocrystalline chromium coating was prepared by pulse electrodeposition from trivalent chromium bath containing carboxylate-urea as complexing agent. The effects of electrodeposition parameters such as current density, bath temperature and solution concentration on the thickness and electrodeposition velocity of Cr deposited films were investigated. The crystallographic structures, morphology and chemical composition of Cr deposited films were analyzed by means of XRD, SEM and EDS. The results indicate that the deposited films with thickness up to 11.2 µm possess a smooth and clean appearance, and the grain size is less than 100 nm. The coating is pure chromium and the Cr deposit has face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and exhibits a (210) growth preference. Both the electrodeposition velocity and thickness exist maximum under different concentration complex agents, ureas, acetates, different temperatures and current densities. Compared with direct current electrodeposition, the thicker coating and finer grains can be obtained at lower temperature and current density by pulse electrodeposition. The electrodepostion velocity is about 0.24 µm/min, which is faster than that by direct current electrodeposition. In 1 mol/L H₂SO₄, 3.5% NaCl and 10% NaOH solution, corrosion potential of Cr pulse-deposited film is about 100 mV higher than that of direct current. Corrosion and passivation current densities are lower and the nanocrystalline exhibits better corrosion resistance.

The vertically aligned highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays were fabricated by potentiostatic anodization of biologic Ti alloys(TLM) and pure Ti substrates, followed by annealing at 480 and 550 ℃ for 6 h. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to characterize the original films. The phase of the film was characterized by XRD. The interfacial adhesion and bond strength between thin films coating and substrate were tested by scratch method. The results show that the films on the TLM alloy have high adhesion strength compared with them on pure Ti.

The experimental apparatus by self-designed was used, Fe/Co particles encapsulated in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by the method of anodic arc discharging plasma. The products were characterized by transmission election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The magnetic properties of the products were characterized with vibration sample magnetometer. The TEM results show that MWCNTs have little impurity and good particles size, and Fe/Co with high continuity encapsulaties in carbon nanotubes. The saturated magnetization (σ_s), remanence (σ_m) and coercivity (H_c) of the sample are 17.30 A/(m·kg), 3.96 A/(m·kg) and 31 521.60 A/m, showing better ferromagnetism compared with the bulk Fe/Co. The optimal conditions in this case are as follows: a helium gas atmosphere of 6.0×10⁴ Pa, an arc current of 70 A, a voltage drop of 24 V, a constant distance of about 2 mm between the anodes and cathode, metallic powder contents of Fe and Co of 15.0% (mass fraction) and 15.0%, respectively, and well cooled electrodes and collector. This process is a convenient and effective that Fe/Co particles can be encapsulated in MWCNTs.

A low temperature preparation of nano TiO₂ using sol-gel method was proposed. The antibacterial properties of the treatment solution and the treated cotton fabrics obtained via a dip-padding process were evaluated. XRD pattern shows that the nano TiO₂ produced is an anatase phase. Aqueous nano-dispersion of the nano TiO₂ exhibites positive results as an antibacterial finishing agent for cotton fabrics. The treatment solution possesses antibacterial rates of over 92% and 88.9% against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The treated fabrics are slightly downgraded but still maintained over 89% and 83% of reduction towards the same bacteria. After washing for 50 times, the antibacterial performances of the treated fabric still remains at a relatively high level, indicating the durable characteristic of nano TiO₂ treatment.

In order to improve optical property of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), MWNTs were decorated with europium oxide (Eu₂O₃) nanoparticles by using co-deposition method. The MWNTs/Eu₂O₃ composites were examined by XRD, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and VUV-Vis Luminescence spectroscopy and citric acid (CA) molecules were introduced onto the surface of MWNTs. The results show that there are many oxygenated functional groups on the surface of the MWNTs after the treatment of mixture acid, such as carboxy, hydroxl, carbony and amidocyanogen. The results of electron microscopy illuminate that the MWNTs are coated by nano-europium oxide after annealed at 750℃. The MWNTs/Eu₂O₃ composite emits much strong red light at about 610 nm under UV excitation.

FeNi/graphite nanocomposites were prepared by reducing FeCl₃-NiCl₂-GICs in H₂. The elemental composition, structure, magnetic and microwave absorption of FeNi/graphite nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectra, hysteresis loop and electromagnetic parameter analysis. The results show that with the increase of the reduced temperature, the number and size of particles of FeNi increases, and the FeNi /graphite nanocomposites changes to soft magnetism. FeNi /graphite nanocomposites bear microwave absorption properties. With the increase of the thickness of the sample, the matching frequency tends to shift to the low frequency region, and theoretical reflection loss becomes less at the matching frequency. Microwave absorption property in the low frequency region of FeNi/graphite nanocomposites prepared at 600 ℃ (FeNi/C600) is the best. When the thickness is 2 mm, the maximum theoretical reflection loss of FeNi/C600 is −4.3 dB and the matching frequency is 3.5 GHz.

Nano-F⁻/Fe³⁺/TiO₂ particles were prepared by hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate in a mixed CF₃COOH-Fe(NO₃)₃-H₂O solution. The photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue in aqueous solution was used as a probe to evaluate their photocatalytic activities. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersion X-ray spectrum (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The results show that F⁻ and Fe ³⁺ are doped into TiO₂. The F⁻ and Fe³⁺ doping can help to enhance the nano-TiO₂ photocatalytic activity greatly. The appropriate codoping conditions for F-Fe are n(F)/n(TiO₂)=2%, n(Fe)/n(TiO₂)=0.05%, and the degradation rate of methylene blue at 1 h is improved from 73.2% to 87.5%. The codoped nano-F⁻/Fe³⁺/TiO₂ particles have higher BET specific surface area, smaller crystallite size and higher photocatalytic activity than those of undoped TiO₂ particles.

The nano-TiO₂ doped with Er³⁺ were prepared from Ti(OC₄H₉)₄ by sol-gel method, and the effect of Er³⁺ dopant on microstructure and photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO₂ was studied. The phase composition and crystallite sizes of Er³⁺-doped TiO₂ samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic activity of Er³⁺-doped TiO₂ was investigated at different doping concentrations and different heat treatment temperatures in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol with 365 nm wavelength ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that both the anatase phase and rutile phase are formed in doped TiO₂. Er³⁺ doping hinders the crystal transformation and makes the TiO₂ crystallite size change smaller as well as increases the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ greatly. When Er³⁺ doping concentration is 1.2%(mass fraction) and the heat treatment temperature is 700 ℃, the photocatalytic activity of Er³⁺-doped TiO₂ is favorite in the experimental range. The photocatalytic activity is enhanced by about 18% compared with that of the pure TiO₂ and almost approaches the photocatalytic activity of P₂₅-TiO₂.

ZnO nanorod arrays with quite homogeneous size and shape were fabricated by introducing ZnO seed-layer as nucleation centers on the soft ITO substrates prior to the hydrothermal reaction. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence method. After the ZnO seed-layer is introduced, the resulting deposits on the substrates develop into nanorods, and the diameter decreases obviously to about 100 nm. Influences of the coated nanocrystal seed nuclei on the morphology of ZnO nanorod arrays were discussed. The results show that each nanorod is monocrystalline with wurtzite-type structure and oriented in c-axis direction. The increase of the intensity ratio of ultraviolet to visible emissions in room-temperature photoluminescence spectra and the decrease of the ultraviolet PL linewidths show the improvement of the quality of ZnO nanorods. A simple and effective method to synthesize ZnO nanorod arrays with fairly uniform size and shape on soft substrates is dip-coating ZnO nanocrystals prior to hydrothermal reaction, and it may be also feasible for the fabrication of other small-size metal oxide nanostructures on soft substrates.

A series of multilayers of Co₃₆Fe₄₆B₁₈/SiO₂ were fabricated by DC/RF magnetron sputtering, and further post-annealed in vacuum magnetic field at 200℃ for 2 h. The results show that the microstructures and electromagnetic properties of Co₃₆Fe₄₆B₁₈/SiO₂ multilayer films can be altered by varying the thickness of CoFeB and the process of annealing. High permeability along with high magnetic loss in the GHz frequency range is achieved in the optimized discontinuous multilayer films. Both real and imaginary parts of the complex permeability are larger than 260 at 1.6 GHz for this film, and the resistivity is as high as 1.4 mΩ∙cm. The discontinuous Co₃₆Fe₄₆B₁₈/SiO₂ multilayers are supposed to serve as the microwave absorbers and EMI shielding materials in GHz range.

The thin films of pure Cu and Cu-2.18%Cr (mole fraction, %) were deposited on Si(100) substrates. Then the samples were vacuum-annealed at 573−773 K to investigate the effect of Cr on the microstructural and electrical characteristics of Cu/Si systems. The XRD results reveal that the annealed Cu(Cr) film has a strong (111) texture. The results of AFM and FESEM indicate that the Cu(Cr) films with insoluble Cr have compact surface morphology and fine columnar microstructure. Upon annealing, most Cr segregates at the surface and interface. The residual insoluble Cr is enriched in amorphous structure between Cu grains and retards the crystallization of annealed Cu(Cr) films. As a result, the minimal annealing resistivity of the Cu-2.18%Cr film is 2.76 μΩ·cm at 773 K, which approaches to 2.55 μΩ·cm of the Cu film at 673 K. Significant changes in the microstructure and properties are obtained by adding Cr to Cu films after annealing.

Nanocrystalline copper films were prepared on the glass by electroless plating technique. The surface characterization of copper films with different deposition time was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results indicate that the copper films have a (111) texture. A continuous and smooth film forms on the glass substrate at deposition times of 5 min. The surface roughness of as-deposited copper films becomes rougher with large nodules as the deposition time increases. According to Fuchs–Sondheimer (F–S), Mayadas–Shatzkes (M–S) theory and a combined model, the grain boundary reflection coefficient (R) is calculated in the range of 0.40−0.75. The theoretical analysis based on the experimental results show that the grain boundaries contribute mainly to the increase of electrical resistivity of nanocrystalline copper film compared with the film surfaces.

A detailed investigation about the dependence of microstructure and electrical properties on annealing temperature was carried out for cerium oxide(CeO₂) ultra-thin films (18 nm to 110 nm) on n-type Si(100) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Substrate temperature was kept constant at 400 ℃ for all samples. The as-deposited films were subsequently annealed in air ambient at 700, 800 and 900 ℃ for 1 h respectively. The crystallinity and surface morphology of the CeO₂ films were analyzed with X-ray diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), atomic force microscope(AFM) and Raman scattering measurement. Electrical properties of the Au/CeO₂/Si/Au structure were examined by high frequency capacitance—voltage (C—V) characteristics at 1 MHz and leakage current density—electric field (J—E) characteristics. A Raman peak of the CeO₂ thin films was seen at 463 cm⁻¹. From C—V data, these films exhibit dielectric constants ranging from 18 to 23, the hysteresis width (ΔV_FB) ranging from 0.015 V to 0.12 V and the density of trapped charges ranging from 1.45×10¹¹ to 3.01×10¹¹ cm⁻². A leakage current of 4.75×10⁻⁸ −9.0×10^{−7 A/cm2} at  2 MV/cm was observed. The experimental results show that the CeO₂ buffer layers are suitable for non-volatile metal- ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor(MFIS) structure field-effect-transistors(FETs) memory applications.

The 6-mercapto-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol monosodium (TTN) compound was used to fabricate an organic film on pure copper. The polymer plating process of TTN on pure copper in Na₂CO₃ aqueous solution and the growth mechanism of poly(6-mercapto-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol) (PTT) film were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry. The polymer plating under galvanostatic mode at 0.05 mA/cm² was conducted to generate PTT film on pure copper in the same electrolyte with different polymer-plating time. The film mass was determined by electronic balance and the insoluble fraction in tetrahydrofuran (THF) Is tested. The performance of organic film formed on copper surface was investigated preliminarily by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that a slight peak measured at 0 V vs SCE attributes to the oxidation of copper and generated Cu⁺ or/and Cu²⁺ to produce Cu-TTN complex, then a strong oxide peak is observed at 0.311 V vs SCE due to the polymerization of TTN for the increase of the film thickness. Electrochemical measurement results reveal that 10 min is an optimum polymer-plated time to obtain high quality film. The results of potentiodynamic polarization show that current density decreases from 1.85 μA/cm² for bare copper to 0.168 μA/cm² for polymer-plated copper while polymer-plated time is 10 min. The charge transfer resistances of bare copper and polymer-plated copper are 937 Ω∙cm² and 11.12 kΩ∙cm², respectively. The film capacitor for polymer-plated copper is as low as 1.82 μF∙cm². The EIS results confirm the results of potentiodynamic polarization and reveal that a homogenous and compact film is obtained by polymer plating technique.

Metal-ferroelectric-insulator-silicon (MFIS) capacitors with Bi_3.15Nd_0.85Ti₃O₁₂ (BNT) ferroelectric thin film were simulated using a commercial software Silvaco/Atlas, and the effects of applied voltage and insulator layer on capacitance−voltage (C−V) hysteresis loops and memory windows were investigated. For the MFIS capacitors with CeO₂ insulator, with the increase of applied voltage from 2 V to 15 V, the C−V loops become wider and memory windows increase from 0.15 V to 1.27 V. When the thickness of CeO₂ layer increases from 1 nm to 5 nm at the applied voltage of 5 V, the C−V loops become narrower and the memory windows decrease from 1.09 V to 0.36 V. For MFIS capacitors with different insulator layers (CeO₂, HfO₂, Y₂O₃, Si₃N₄ and SiO₂), the high dielectric constants can make the C−V loops wider and improve the capacitor’s memory window. The simulation results prove that Silvaco/Atlas is a powerful simulator for MFIS capacitor, and they are helpful to the fabrication of MFIS nonvolatile memory devices.

From the point of view of application in the microwave band, the theoretic and experimental researches of nanostructural magnetic films were carried out. Micromagnetic structure of the nano-magnetic film was simulated by the finite element method. The typical micromagnetic was obtained. Corresponding experiments were also done aiming at the Co₄₀Fe₄₀B₂₀-SiO₂ nano-granular films. The results show that the characteristics of nano-magnetic film correspond with the micromagnetic ripple theory. The microwave permeability of nano-magnetic films deduces and well fits the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. The films present large microwave permeability and high resonant frequency (μ′ and μ″ at 2 GHz are about 100 and 40 respectively and the resonant frequency is about 2.8 GHz). The additional peak of μ″ originated from perpendicular anisotropy and micromagnetic ripple structure can be suppressed by the annealing process. Thus, the microwave complex permeability spectra of these nano-magnetic films can be tailored for different applications.

A silicide coating was prepared on the surface of the Nb521 alloy by the complex pack cemented method. The oxidation resistance properties of the present coating were examined by the static oxidation tests at 1 700 ℃ in air. The compositions and the microstructures of the coating before and after test were characterised and analysed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively. The present silicide coating can provide an effective protection for the Nb alloy for 25 h at 1 700 ℃ in air. The results show that the oxidation kinetics of the present silicide coating is parabolic. The diffusion of Si leads to the phase transformation and evolution during the oxidation.

A series of BaO-La₂O₃-B₂O₃ (BLB) glass coats on the Ti-based alloy substrates were developed at different temperatures for different times. The BLB glasses were analyzed by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) to determine the crystallization temperature and coefficients of thermal expansion (CETs) of the glass. The tensile strength and microstructure of the glass coats were analyzed and the effects of the coating condition on the tensile strength and microstructure were discussed. The results show that the CETs of the borate glass at different temperatures match with those of Ti-based alloy, and the difference between the borate glass and Ti-based alloy at each temperature is below 5%. The spreading area in N₂ atmosphere is much larger than that in air atmosphere, indicating that N₂ atmosphere is helpful for the wetting of borate glass to Ti-based alloy. The tensile strength of the glass coats can reach as high as 28.42 MPa, meeting the requirements for the coat binder. With the increase of coating time, the tensile strength of coats increases firstly while then decreases. The coat prepared at 730 ℃ for 30 min is fairly smooth and complete, while the other coats contain lots of defects such as large or small uncoated region. It is believed that the coating temperature of 730 ℃ and coating time of 30 min are the proper coating conditions to prepare BLB glass coats.

Nanocrystalline nickel coatings were prepared by both direct current(DC) and pulse current(PC) jet-electrodeposition. The influences of current density and jet velocity on the surface morphology, microstructure and preferred orientation of the coatings obtained were investigated by SEM, TEM and XRD. It is found that the current density strongly affects the microstructure of the nickel coating. An increase of the DC current density results in a slight increase of the grain size and preferred orientation progressive evolution (i.e. from (111) to (200)), whereas an increase of the PC current density leads to a certain decrease of the grain size and preferred orientation change (i.e. from (111) to a strong (220)). Moreover, jet velocity shows no significant effect on the grain size and preferred orientation for the nanocrystalline coatings obtained in both DC and PC within the range of jet velocity studied.

Two different technologies, electro-brush plating and arc spraying, were employed to deposit copper film and brass coating on the surface of nonmetal artworks, respectively. The principles of the oxidizing corrosion and coloring were researched. The nonmetal artworks attain vivid and ancient bronze effect by the surface deposition and surface coloring processing. By using this technology, the problems of difficulty-to-plating copper and difficulty-to-archaizing for the large outdoor sculptures and other artworks can be solved, and it has prospective application due to low investment.

Cr-Al-N ternary coatings were deposited by arc ion plating method using isolated Cr target and Al target. The influence of AlN content on the phase change was studied by synthesizing Cr_1−xAl_xN coatings with different x values. The effects of substrate negative bias on the surface morphology, deposition rate and phase structure were investigated. As the aluminum content increases, the structure of (Cr_1−xAl_x)N changes from B1(NaCl) phase to B4(wurtzite) phase. The critical content of AlN solubilized in B1(NaCl) lattice is close to 0.7. With the increasing pulse negative bias, the deposition rate decreases constantly, the droplet contamination is more serious, the ion-etching effect on coating surface is more obvious, and the change of preferred orientation and the shift of XRD peak take place.

In a basic solution containing 10 g/L NaOH, the thickness, morphology and corrosion resistance of anodic coatings formed in solutions without and with additions of Na₂SiO₃, Na₂CO₃, Na₂B₄O₇ and Na₂SnO₃ were separately determined and evaluated. The results show that the electrolytes used above take part in the coating formation and the obtained anodic coatings contain elements from the electrolytes. These electrolytes, especially Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂B₄O₇, contribute to the film thickness. The coating uniformity obtained by addition of Na₂SiO₃ is the best, while Na₂CO₃, Na₂B₄O₇ and Na₂SnO₃ decrease the number of pores per area on the coatings surface though they worsen the uniformity of the anodic coatings. In addition, the anodic coatings formed in solutions with addition of Na₂CO₃ or Na₂SnO₃ exhibit loose and net-like structure. Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂B₄O₇ can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the anodic coatings while Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SnO₃ have minor effects on improving the coating corrosion resistance.

In a basic solution containing 18 g/L Na₂SiO₃, the anodizing of AZ91HP magnesium alloy was investigated with and without addition of phytic acid (C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆). The thickness, composition and morphologies of anodic coatings formed at different concentrations of C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ were determined. The corrosion resistance of anodized samples was evaluated by salt spray test in 5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution. The results show that C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆, which is harmless and environmentally friendly, greatly affects the properties of anodic coatings. Under the same electric parameters, the final voltage increases with the concentrations of C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆. The coating thickness slightly increases from 8 mm formed in the base electrolyte without C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ to 9−10 mm in C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ solution. The P content and color of anodic coatings separately increases and darkens with the addition of C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆. After the anodizing solutions were changed from 0 to 16 g/L addition of C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆, the largest size of micropores decreases from 4 mm to   3 mm, while the number of micropores per area on coating surface decreases from 0.076 to 0.047 mm⁻². The salt spray test shows that C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ can improve the corrosion resistance of the anodic coatings and the coating formed in the electrolyte containing 12 g/L C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ exhibits the highest corrosion resistance.

In order to get high-performance low voltage varistors, Cr₂O₃ doped ZnO ceramic thick films were fabricated by modified sol-gel process. The precursors were fabricated by dispersing doped-ZnO ceramic nano-powders in the sols, which were prepared by dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate into 2-methoxyethanol and stabilized by diethanolamine and glacial acetic acid and doped with a concentrated solution of bismuth nitrate, phenylstibonic acid, cobalt nitrate, manganese acetate and chromium nitrate. The results show that ZnCr₂O₄ phase can form in ZnO based ceramic films doped 1.0% (mole fraction) Cr₂O₃. Three secondary phases, such as Bi₂O₃, Zn₇Sb₂O₁₂, and ZnCr₂O₄ phases, are detected in the thick films. The Raman spectra show that the intensity and the position of Raman bands of Zn₇Sb₂O₁₂ and ZnCr₂O₄ phases change obviously with increasing Cr₂O₃ doping. The nonlinearity coefficient α of ZnO thick films is 7.0, the nonlinear voltage is 6 V, and the leakage current density is 0.7 µA/mm².

A two-dimensional axisymmetric model, with 8700 and 7500 quadrilateral elements for the fluid and substrate zone separately, was developed to simulate the impacting and flattening process. The volume of fluid technique was employed to track the interface between the air and droplet. The relationships between the droplet pre-impact parameters and the flattening time as well as the flattening ratio were investigated by altering one of the parameters while remaining the others unchanged. The results show that the droplet height reaches its minimum value at approximately half of the spreading time, which also indicates the finish of vertical fluid flow at that time. The flattening ratio increases with the increase of the three pre-impact parameters-droplet diameter, temperature and velocity, even though the flattening time decreases when the droplet velocity increase.

Mo powders with average particle size of 3 μm were attempted to coat with copper by electroless plating technique. The effect of the solution composition and plating conditions on the electroless copper plating was studied. The uncoated and coated powders were subjected to the microstructural studies by SEM and the phases were analyzed by XRD. The results indicate that the Mo powders are coated with copper, at the same time, Mo-Cu composite powders with Cu content ranging from 15% to 85% (mass fraction) can be obtained. The optimal values of pH, HCHO concentration and temperature are in the ranges of 12−13, 22−26 ml/L and 60−65 ℃, respectively. The diffusion-shrinkage autocatalytic model is suggested for the growth mechanism of electroless coating over the surface.

Two substrates with surface roughness (R_a) of about 1.6 and 0.8, respectively, were employed to fabricate two NiCoCrAl/YSZ microlaminates by using EB-PVD method. The average ceramic-layer thicknesses of the two NiCoCrAl/YSZ microlaminates are different, about 0.9 μm and 1.2 μm, respectively, but their average metal-layer thicknesses are equal, about 5 μm. The microstructures and fractographs were examined by SEM. Uniaxial tensile testing was performed to determine the mechanical properties. The results show that the microlaminate deposited on the relatively coarse substrate (MDCS) contains wavy layer interfaces and larger flaws, while the microlaminate deposited on the relatively smooth substrate (MDSS) has relatively flat layer interfaces and no larger flaws. The tensile specimens of the two microlaminates display obvious difference in tensile strengths and fracture modes. The ratio of strength of MDCS to that of MDSS is 0.5 at room temperature, 0.67 at 700 ℃ and 1.33 at 1 000 ℃, increasing with increasing temperature. The factors which caused the variation of the strength ratio were discussed. It is found that the larger flaws in MDCS result in the relatively low strength ratio at room temperature and 700 ℃, and the wavy layer interface in MDCS is responsible for the relatively great strength ratio at 1 000 ℃.

Nickel coating deposits with better ductility on a lower carbon steel sheet were produced by electrodeposition method and the electrodeposited nickel coating was deformed with the strain of 10%. Then the surface morphology, the deformation texture and the mechanical properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and nano-indentation measurement, respectively. The principle of nano-indentation to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of nickel coating was introduced. The relation curves of the load and displacement were obtained, including the original electrodeposited samples and the samples under tension. The results show that: 1) there are only two main texture components Ni (111) and Ni (200) in the nickel coating, and no new texture component is found due to the elongation; 2) after tensile deformation in the coating, the surface roughness increases and the microcrack is found; 3) The hardness and the elastic modulus decrease after tensile deformation; and 4) for the original electrodeposited sample, the indentation depths change with the load, the hardness and the elastic modulus decrease with the increase of the depth. In addition, the investigation of creep shows that the value of creep increases when the tensile strain ε＞10%.

The deformation texture and surface microstructure of nickel coating induced by deep cup-drawing were studied by X-ray diffractometry and SEM. The steel sheet with nickel coating was firstly punched to designed degree of cup shapes. Then the texture of the coating was determined by XRD and the surface microstructure was observed by SEM. The results indicate that, the nickel coating material includes three kinds of textures, i.e. Ni (111), Ni (200) and Ni (220). After cup-drawing deformation, there doesn’t appear new texture component for nickel coatings but the change of the intensity of the deformation textures. In the cup-deformation process, the two kinds of main textures Ni (111) and Ni (200) increase in the first and second cup-drawing procedures and then reduce quickly in the third and fourth drawing procedure. However, for the Ni (220) texture, it always increases in whole cup-drawing procedures. With the increase in the drawing, there are some cracks to be found, but not delamination. This shows that nickel coating and the substrate have a good combinable performance.

TiO₂ and N-doped TiO₂ films were deposited on the glass substrates by arc ion plating method. The results show that the deposition rate does not change with the increasing deposition time. The increase of mass flow rate of N₂ gives rise to the increase of deposition rate. All as-deposited TiO₂ and N-doped TiO₂ films are amorphous. The anatase TiO₂ phase with preferred orientation (101) is acquired by post-annealing at 400 ℃ for 2 h. The incorporation of N into the TiO₂ films and the heat treatment extensively shift the band edge to the visible light region.

The composite metastable (Ti_0.5Al_0.5)N, (Ti_0.45Al_0.45Cr_0.1)N and (Ti_0.35Al_0.35Cr_0.3)N coatings were respectively deposited on a wrought martensite steel 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV for aero-engine compressor blades by arc ion plating technique with pulse substrate bias. All the coatings have B1NaCl phase with a (200) preferred orientation and dense structures. The results show that the introduction of Cr into (Ti,Al)N gives rise to a minute shrinkage of crystal lattice. The incorporation of chromium into the coatings dramastically improves the oxidation-resistance of the coatings. For (Ti_0.5Al_0.5)N, a layered oxide scale forms after 100 h oxidation and the outer layer is the blend oxide of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃, and the middle layer is rich in Al and the inner layer is rich in Ti. For (Ti_0.45Al_0.45Cr_0.1)N, the oxide scale possesses a double-layered structure and the outer layer is rich in Ti. For (Ti_0.35Al_0.35Cr_0.3)N, a Cr-rich compound oxide scale of Ti, Al and Cr forms, and a out-diffusion of Fe from steel to the nitride coating and oxide film during the oxidation takes place.

Taking a bath with basic nickel carbonate as the source of nickel, sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent and citric acid as the complexing agent, the Ni-P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy were prepared. The influence of pH value of the bath on the content of phosphorus, microhardness and corrosion resistance of the deposits was examined. The XRD analysis results show that the Ni-P coatings plated under all conditions have a mixed microstructure of amorphous and nanocrystalline and undergo a phase transformation to crystalline nickel and nickel phosphide upon heat-treatment. The microhardness of the Ni-P coatings increases with the increase of pH value of the bath and has a maximum at pH=6. The potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5%(mass fraction) NaCl solution reveals that the Ni-P coatings exhibit a very good corrosion resistance to protecting AZ91D magnesium alloy.

CrN and Cr-Al-N coatings were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on the glass substrate, and their corrosion behavior was studied. The electrochemical tests using both DC (polarization curves) and AC techniques (EIS) were carried out on Potentiostat/Galvanstat (EG&G) in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution. After immersed into NaCl solution for 1 h, the mass of the CrN coating keeps constant with the time continuing. This can be explained by the passivation of the coating. The comparison between the corrosion potential (φ_corr) of the Cr-Al-N coatings with different aluminum contents reveals that the corrosion potentials of the aluminum contain coatings are nobler than that of the CrN coatings. This means that the addition of aluminum shifts the corrosion potential to more positive potential value. Among these coatings, CrN in NaCl solution exhibits the worst corrosion resistance, while the corrosion resistance of Cr_0.63Al_0.37N in NaCl solution is the best. The polarization data and EIS data suggest that addition of aluminum can improve the corrosion resistance of CrN coating.

Utilizing self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reactive spraying technology, the feeding self-combustion agglomerated particles composed of Ti, B₄C and C powders, TiC-TiB₂ multi-phase ceramic coatings were prepared on the steel substrates. Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the spraying parameters. The phase component and microstructure of the coating fabricated at the optimized parameters were studied by XRD and SEM. The reactive mechanism in flying agglomerated particles was discussed. The optimized conditions, spraying distance of 220 mm, powders delivering gas pressure of 0.3 MPa and preheating temperature of 240 ˚C to sprayed particles, were obtained from orthogonal experiment. For the coating, porosity of 2.5% and HV 1 595 are achieved under the optimized parameters. The coatings are mainly composed of TiC_0.3N_0.7, TiB₂ and a little TiO₂. The SEM analysis shows the morphology of TiC_0.3N_0.7 matrix in which the fine granular TiB₂ crystals evenly disperse. It is concluded that, as solo reactive units, the agglomerated particles would finally form into the coatings after going through four successive stages in the flame, which are, respectively, pregnant reaction, flight combustion, collision and structure transformation and solidification. The solid diffusion and dissolution-precipitation are the two mechanisms to control the synthesis reaction.

The NiCrAlY+ZrO₂ thermal barrier coating was prepared on the surface of TiAl alloy by plasma spraying technique. The microstructure and phase structure were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The high temperature oxidation resistance of the plasma sprayed samples at 850℃ was investigated. The results show that the bonding between thermal barrier coating and substrate is very good. Surface hardness of TiAl alloy is improved too. The microhardness of the coating surface is about HV 900 after the oxidation test at 850 ℃. The oxidation resistance of the samples is improved remarkably.

Ti⁴⁺ substitution for Fe³⁺ in Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ (NZF) ferrite thin films were realized by sol-gel method and annealing at 600℃ for 30 min in the air. Crystal structure and lattice constant determination was performed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Surface microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), and the magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD analyses of the samples show that Ni_0.5+xZn_0.5Ti_xFe_2−2xO₄ (NZTF) films with x varying from 0 to 0.15 in steps of 0.05 are composed of single phase with spinel structure. And the lattice parameter, particle size and the diffraction intensity of the films increase with substitution of Ti as the result of the larger radius ions entering the lattice. SEM and AFM show homogeneous grain size of each sample, but there is a few differences in grain size with different Ti-substitution contents. As the nonmagnetic Ti⁴⁺ substitutes Fe³⁺, both the saturation magnetization and coercivity decrease.