Copper matrix composites (CMCs) offer promising applications by combining the functional characteristics of copper with composite phases. With the rapid advancement in aerospace, microelectronics, and intelligent terminal engineering, the demand for CMCs with superior mechanical and electrical properties has become increasingly critical. This paper reviews the design principles, preparation methods, microstructures and properties of some typical CMCs. The existing form of composite phases in the Cu matrix and their effects on microstructure evolution and comprehensive properties are summarised. Key underlying mechanisms governing these enhancements are discussed. The results provide a systematic understanding of the relationship between reinforcement phases and properties, offering insights for the future development of CMCs aimed to achieve much better comprehensive properties. The paper concludes by outlining the development trends and future outlook for the application of CMCs.